Dental Labs Use Titanium Partials for Long-Term Prosthetic Applications

Quick Answer

Titanium Partials are the next generation of removable partial denture (RPD) frames. They are made from medical-grade titanium that is milled using CAD/CAM technology. Dental labs are using these more and more for long-term prosthetic applications because titanium offers favorable biocompatibility and a high strength-to-weight ratio, while providing a metal-free alternative to cobalt-chromium frameworks for appropriately selected patients with documented metal sensitivities. When compared to traditional cast metal partials, this digital manufacturing approach may support consistent fit, durability, and patient comfort when the framework is appropriately designed and fabricated.

Introduction

More and more pressure is being put on the portable prosthetics industry to come up with light, safe solutions that can last for decades of chewing forces while still looking good. Traditional cobalt-chromium (CoCr) partial dentures are widely used, but they have some problems that make them less desirable. For example, nickel sensitivity is possible, the casting isn't always accurate, and the dentures are heavy, which makes it harder for patients to accept them. As populations age, there is a greater need for long-lasting and comfortable prosthetics. As a result, dental laboratories are increasingly considering titanium frameworks as an alternative for selected long-term removable prosthetic applications. This change is part of a larger trend in the industry toward digitally manufactured, patient-centered restorations designed to support consistent workflows and predictable clinical results.

What Are Titanium Partials?

Titanium Partials are frames for removable partial dentures made from Grade 5 medical-grade titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) or commercially pure titanium (CP). They are made using precise CNC cutting and digital scan data. Instead of the traditional lost-wax casting method used for CoCr frameworks, these prostheses start with intraoral scans or physical impressions that are turned into digital models. CAD software then turns these models into milling directions for 5-axis machining centers.

The core structure has major and minor links, rests, and clasps that are meant to spread occlusal forces across the leftover teeth and ridges without teeth. Titanium frameworks are different because they are made from a single block of titanium, which means they don't have any of the holes and other problems that come with casting. Digital CAD/CAM manufacturing can support consistent dimensional accuracy and repeatability when validated production and quality-control procedures are followed. This approach is intended to support a precise and passive fit while helping to manage functional forces on the abutment teeth.

Titanium is widely used in medical and dental applications because of its favorable mechanical and biocompatibility characteristics, including use in hip replacements and dental implants. Titanium is generally recognized for its favorable biocompatibility, although material selection should be based on the patient's clinical history and the specific material used. Titanium's thermal properties may help reduce the transmission of temperature changes through the framework compared with some other materials, which is common with metal teeth. This makes it easier for patients to eat hot or cold foods without discomfort.

Benefits

Titanium frames have huge benefits for both dentistry labs and the doctors who work with them. When purchasing managers choose prosthetic solutions, knowing these benefits helps them figure out the return on investment.

Biocompatibility takes away allergy worries: Some patients have documented sensitivities to nickel or other metals used in dental alloys, making material selection an important consideration in appropriate cases. Titanium is inert, just like implant-grade materials used in joint replacements. This may provide an alternative framework material for appropriately selected patients with documented metal sensitivities, subject to clinical evaluation. This may allow laboratories to consider a broader range of material options for appropriately selected cases, including cases that they weren't able to take before.

Weight reduction improves retention: Titanium has a density of approximately 4.5 g/cm³, which is substantially lower than that of cobalt-chromium alloys, typically around 8–8.5 g/cm³. This lower density can contribute to a lighter framework when comparable designs are used, which typically have a density of 8.3 g/cm³. This makes it much harder for gravity to push mandibular partials out of place. In Kennedy Class I and II cases where posterior edentulous areas make natural preservation difficult, this trait is especially helpful. Less severe clasp design is needed for lighter frames, which may allow for more conservative framework and clasp designs in appropriately planned cases.

Corrosion resistance ensures longevity: titanium naturally makes a protective oxide layer (TiO₂) when it is exposed to air. This layer blocks oral fluids and acidic conditions, so the metal lasts a long time. Titanium frameworks offer favorable corrosion resistance and mechanical properties that may support long-term clinical use when appropriately designed, fabricated, and maintained. This longer service life means fewer remakes, fewer patient appointments, and a better reputation for the practice.

Precision fit cuts down on adjustments made at the chairside: Validated digital scanning and CAD/CAM milling can support consistent dimensional accuracy and repeatability compared with conventional fabrication workflows. Digital manufacturing may help improve framework consistency and reduce the need for extensive chairside adjustment when cases are properly scanned, designed, and verified, compared to 60–70% of the time with cast frameworks. This saves 15-20 minutes per delivery visit and makes patients happier.

Advantages

Compared to more standard options, titanium frameworks clearly outperform them in a number of performance areas that are important to dentistry procurement teams.

Customization capability meets complex anatomy: CAD software lets techs make frames that can work around undercuts, tori, and irregular tissue contours that can't be handled with traditional casting methods. This means that customization is possible even when the anatomy is complicated. This digital flexibility supports patient-specific framework designs that can be adapted to individual anatomy and prescription requirements without affecting the structure's strength. This meets the need for customization that is common among implant specialists and prosthodontists who are working on difficult full-mouth rehabilitation cases.

Compatibility with digital workflows: Titanium Partials can be integrated into digital workflows that include intraoral or desktop scanning, CAD design, and CAM milling, from intraoral scanning to final milling. When labs get rid of investment materials, burnout ovens, and casting tools, they cut down on production costs and speed up response times. These digital workflows can help laboratories streamline production and support predictable turnaround times, depending on case complexity and logistics.

Reduced remake rates impact profitability: Digital design and manufacturing may help reduce fabrication-related remakes by improving workflow consistency and dimensional control. The costs go beyond the materials themselves; remakes take time from technicians, delay treatment for patients, and hurt relationships that depend on referrals. Supply chain managers know that buying titanium frames at higher unit costs saves money in the long run by making operations more efficient and making sure quality standards are met.

MRI compatibility: because titanium isn't magnetic, titanium is non-ferromagnetic and generally produces fewer magnetic interactions than ferromagnetic materials; however, patients should follow the MRI facility's instructions regarding removable dental prostheses. This gets rid of the hassle and social awkwardness that come with CoCr frameworks that create imaging artifacts and need to be taken off during scans.

Disadvantages

To do an objective review, you have to be aware of the limits of the titanium framework. However, most of these problems can be solved with good planning and supplier selection.

Repair complexity requires specialized equipment: titanium is very strong, so it doesn't break easily, but for repairs, you need laser welding tools instead of regular soldering methods. Laboratories should make sure that the titanium supplier they work with keeps digital records of the fabrication process. This way, the supplier can quickly make new parts from old files without having to take new impressions of patients. For long-term case management, this becomes a very important thing to think about.

Initial cost exceeds traditional options: titanium frameworks usually cost 30–50% more than CoCr equivalents because of the cost of materials and the time it takes to machine them. But procurement managers should figure out the total cost of ownership, which includes things like fewer remakes, longer service life, and higher patient acceptance rates. A total-cost-of-ownership analysis can help practices evaluate whether the higher initial cost may be offset by workflow efficiency, remake reduction, and other case-specific factors for practices that take care of patients who are sensitive to metals.

Machining time impacts emergency cases: five-axis milling takes 4–6 hours per framework, which means that emergency output can't happen the same day or the next day. Laboratories that serve this area should keep their mixed capabilities, saving titanium for planned cases and for urgent cases; laboratories may consider alternative workflows or materials that are specifically indicated for temporary applications

Comparison: Titanium vs. Cobalt-Chromium vs. Acrylic Partials

Factor	Titanium Milled	CoCr Cast	Acrylic/Flexible
Weight	Lightweight	Heavier	Lightweight
Biocompatibility	Favorable	Depends on alloy composition	Material-dependent
Digital Workflow	Excellent	Conventional & digital options	Material-dependent
Fit	High potential for digital consistency	Technique-dependent	Design-dependent
Durability	High	High	Application-dependent
Repair	Requires specialized techniques	Generally easier to repair	Relatively easier
MRI Considerations	Generally favorable, case-dependent	May produce artifacts	Generally favorable

Clinical Indications

Titanium frames work really well in some clinical situations because their special properties help prosthodontists and implant specialists solve problems that keep coming up.

Patients with documented metal allergies: people who show positive patch tests for nickel, cobalt, or chromium need safe options. Titanium may be considered as an alternative material for appropriately selected patients with documented sensitivities to specific dental metals while providing structural performance on par with or better than that of standard metals. In North American practices, this indication stands for about 8–12% of RPD candidates.

Long-span Kennedy Class I and II cases: titanium's high strength-to-weight ratio makes it easier on the terminal abutments in situations of bilateral or unilateral distal extension. Because the framework is lighter, it's possible to use more conservative clasp designs that protect tooth structure and gum attachment. Implant places that take care of patients who are missing some teeth and are waiting for staged implant placement really like this app.

Bruxism and high occlusal force patients: people who have parafunctional habits need frameworks that don't break easily over time. Titanium offers favorable strength-to-weight characteristics and can be considered for appropriately designed frameworks in patients with higher functional loading demands that mimic decades of chewing. This durability is very important for DSOs who have to deal with a wide range of patients with different oral health histories.

Patients requiring frequent MRI scans: patient groups that need regular MRI scans, such as people with cancer, neurological conditions, and long-term illnesses, often have multiple tests. Titanium is not ferromagnetic, so prostheses don't need to be taken out, and imaging flaws that affect diagnosis accuracy are avoided.

Materials

Titanium Partials work well because they are made from carefully chosen raw materials that meet strict standards for medical devices.

Grade 5 titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V): This is the most popular type. It is made up of 90% titanium, 6% aluminum, and 4% vanadium. It has a tensile strength of 895–930 MPa and a yield strength of 828 MPa. The aluminum part makes it stronger, and the vanadium makes it easier to work with when milling. All sellers should show proof of biocompatibility testing according to ISO 10993 guidelines. Suppliers should provide appropriate material specifications and relevant biocompatibility documentation for the intended application and target market.

Commercially pure titanium (CP Grades 1-4): some labs prefer CP titanium for patients who are sensitive to aluminum, but the mechanical properties get worse as the purity level goes up. Grade 4 commercially pure titanium offers higher mechanical strength than lower-grade commercially pure titanium and may be considered for applications requiring greater strength.

Surface finishing and conditioning should be selected according to the intended contact area and clinical function, with smooth surfaces generally preferred for areas requiring patient comfort and hygiene while keeping the clasp surfaces smooth and polished to keep the enamel from wearing away. Suppliers who care about quality write down surface roughness values (Ra measurements) in technical specifications. For patient-contact zones, these values are usually between 0.4 and 0.8 microns.

Manufacturing Workflow

Knowing how the product is made helps dentistry labs judge the skills of potential suppliers and set reasonable delivery goals.

Digital impression and case planning: the process starts with intraoral scans or desktop scanners that digitize physical impressions. CAD workers virtually create the framework, placing the rests on top of the tooth anatomy, designing clasp assemblies and major connectors to meet the prescribed retention, function, and aesthetic requirements, and making sure that major connectors don't press on the gums. For skilled technicians, this planning process usually takes 45 to 90 minutes. Digital previews are shown to the client for approval before production starts.

Nesting and toolpath generation: to get the most out of the material, approved plans are stacked within titanium blocks, and 5-axis milling toolpaths are made by CAM software. Cutting sequences are optimized by complex algorithms that keep tool deformation and heat distortion to a minimum. These are important factors for keeping dimensions accurate across thin framework sections.

CNC milling and finishing: five-axis machining centers with diamond-coated carbide burs mill frameworks; the process takes between 4 and 6 hours, depending on how complicated the job is. After milling, steps like post-milling finishing and surface treatment may be applied according to the material specification and validated manufacturing protocol to achieve the required surface condition and cleanliness; hand finishing to get rid of micro-burrs, and sandblasting can be used to make the surface roughness uniform. As part of quality control, original CAD models are compared to CMM (coordinate measuring machine) models to make sure that any deviations stay within the allowed ranges.

Quality assurance and certification: before shipping, reputable manufacturers do a visual inspection with magnification and fit verification on master models. Facilities certified to ISO 13485:2016 maintain documented quality-management processes and traceability records appropriate to their scope of certification and keep records of each batch that can be traced back to a specific case. This helps with warranty claims and governmental checks.

Cost Factors

Knowing the different factors that affect prices gives buying managers the power to deal well while keeping quality standards high.

Material costs vary by grade and sourcing: medical-grade titanium ingots cost between $25 and $35 per kilogram, depending on where they come from and what grade they are. A normal mandibular partial needs between 80 and 120 grams of raw material, but 150 to 200 grams is actually needed because of milling waste. Suppliers who have plans for recovering titanium shavings might be able to offer small price cuts.

Manufacturing complexity affects pricing: simple Kennedy Class III frameworks with few clasps need 3–4 hours of machine time, while complicated Class I cases with precise fittings need 6–8 hours. Two to three hours are added to each box for technician design time, CAM setting, and finishing work. Labor-efficient suppliers that use offshore technicians may be able to offer prices 15–20% lower than domestic manufacturers, but they often have trouble communicating quickly and making changes that fit your needs.

Certification and compliance costs: FDA registration, ISO 13485 certification, and ongoing biocompatibility testing are all high costs that trustworthy makers build into the price of each unit. Laboratories should verify supplier qualifications, material documentation, quality-management systems, and applicable regulatory documentation before selecting a manufacturing partner that uses materials that aren't medical grade. This puts labs at risk of liability and possible regulatory penalties.

Order volume and relationship pricing: suppliers usually offer tiered pricing, and if you buy more than 20 units a month, you can get a discount of 8–12%. Prices may be locked in for 12 months as part of long-term partnership agreements. This is a good way to protect against the volatility of the titanium commodity.

How to Choose a Supplier

To choose a titanium partial maker, you need to carefully look at their work in a number of areas that are important for dental labs.

Manufacturing capability and technology: make sure that the providers you're working with use 5-axis CNC machines that are designed for dental uses and not industrial machining centers. Ask for virtual tours of the facility or audit reports from a third party that confirm it has climate-controlled work areas and the ability to do dental milling. When suppliers use the same equipment for both medical and industrial purposes, laboratories should evaluate equipment suitability, environmental controls, cleaning procedures, and quality-management practices to ensure that manufacturing processes are appropriate for dental applications.

Regulatory compliance and documentation: for all types of titanium that are being sold, you should demand up-to-date ISO 13485:2016 certificates, FDA company registration numbers, and material safety data sheets. Quality-conscious sellers include batch certificates with every shipment. These show where the materials came from and what the check results were. Every 18 to 24 months, regulatory affairs managers should do an audit of their suppliers. They should look at their internal quality procedures and records of corrective actions.

Customization flexibility and communication: find out if providers are willing to work with non-standard design requests, like milled rest seats for certain attachment systems or changed clasp shapes for tough undercuts. It's important to have responsive technical support. Suppliers should give customers direct access to design experts by phone or video chat, instead of just email reporting systems that take too long to resolve cases.

Turnaround reliability and logistics: use trial orders to see how well on-time delivery works before signing a large-scale agreement. Suppliers should offer tracking that works with lab management systems and keep extra supplies on hand in case of an emergency. Logistics relationships are more important than location. For example, delivery performance should be evaluated based on production turnaround, carrier selection, destination, customs requirements, and historical on-time delivery performance using standard ground shipping.

Warranty and after-sales support: Warranty terms vary by supplier and product type. Laboratories should review coverage for manufacturing defects, fit-related issues, exclusions, and claim procedures before placing orders and include free replacements for fit issues reported within 30 days of delivery. Modern suppliers keep digital archives that let them make quick copies from original scans without needing new impressions. This is very important for managing long-term patient care.

Experience with dental laboratory workflows: give more weight to suppliers who can show they know how to use dental terms and follow standard case documentation guidelines. Manufacturing partners should know the specifics of each prescription, how to match colors, and how to schedule deliveries so that they don't conflict with patients' appointment schedules. This is knowledge that isn't often found in generic medical device contract manufacturers.

Maintenance

Proper care protocols increase the useful life of Titanium Partials and stop common failure modes. Teaching patients about these procedures is an important part of delivering successful cases.

Daily cleaning prevents biofilm accumulation: patients should brush their frameworks twice a day with soft-bristle brushes and nonabrasive denture cleaners, and they shouldn't use toothpaste with silica in it because it scratches titanium surfaces. Using ultrasonic cleaning every three to four days with denture-specific solutions (never jewelry cleaners with strong chemicals) gets rid of dirt and debris that can't be brushed out by hand in clasps and undercuts.

Storage protocols prevent distortion: titanium is less likely to warp than acrylic because it is more rigid, but patients should follow the cleaning and storage instructions provided by their dental professional or the manufacturer. Appropriate storage can help protect the framework and attached prosthetic components between uses. Soak them overnight in plain water or a weak denture solution to keep them from drying out, which can damage the plastic teeth that are attached to the metal frame.

Professional maintenance schedules: every six months, prosthodontists should call patients back for a review of the framework, which includes checking the retention of the clasps, the stability of the rest seats, and the adaptation of the tissues. Having professional ultrasonic cleaning and polishing done at these times keeps things clean and lets you see early signs of wear that need to be fixed.

Adjustment limitations: unlike cast frames that can be tightened by hand, titanium's hardness makes it impossible to use regular pliers on it. Telling patients that retention changes might need a return to the lab sets standards that make them less unhappy when clasps come loose after years of use. Digital manufacturing records make it possible to quickly remake if major changes in the tissue mean that the structure needs to be redesigned.

Contraindicated practices: tell your patients to stay away from rough cleaners, chlorine bleach solutions, and high-temperature dishwashing, as these can all damage the protective oxide layer on titanium. Also, don't let amateurs try to adjust things with household tools that could break the framework or change the dimensions.

Key Takeaways

Titanium frameworks bring together the precision of digital manufacturing with the science of medical-grade materials. They solve problems that have kept traditional removable prosthetics from being widely used. Available literature describes titanium as a material with favorable mechanical, corrosion-resistance, and biocompatibility characteristics for selected dental applications where biocompatibility, weight loss, and accurate fit deliver measurable clinical value. Even though the initial costs are higher than other options, a total cost analysis shows that the economics are better because of lower remake rates, longer service life, and happier patients.

When making purchases, companies should give more weight to providers that show they follow the rules, use advanced manufacturing techniques, and communicate in a way that fits with how dental labs work. The process of choosing a framework has to weigh the needs of the patient against the available budget. Titanium may be considered in cases involving documented metal sensitivities, demanding functional requirements, or a preference for digitally manufactured frameworks, subject to clinical evaluation, and situations that need precise measurements that can't be achieved through casting.

As the use of digital dentistry grows in North American practices, titanium frameworks may become an increasingly considered option for selected removable prosthodontic applications. This is because quality-focused labs will be able to set themselves apart by achieving better clinical outcomes.

FAQ

Is titanium safer than traditional metal dentures for patients with allergies?

Titanium may be considered as an alternative framework material for patients with documented sensitivities to specific dental metals, subject to clinical evaluation. It is made of the same medical-grade materials as hip replacements and dental implants, which are uses where the body accepts them without any problems. Titanium is widely used in medical and dental applications because of its generally favorable biocompatibility profile; however, individual patient factors should be considered when selecting materials, unlike cobalt-chromium alloys, which contain nickel, an allergen affecting 10-15% of people.

Can titanium partials be repaired if damaged or if the mouth changes?

Fixing them is trickier than fixing regular frames because you need laser welding tools instead of regular soldering methods. However, digital production has big benefits. If your lab keeps the original scan data, fresh frames can be made quickly without making new impressions of the patients. This feature is especially useful when tissue changes mean that the framework needs to be redesigned after a few years of use.

How long do titanium partials typically last compared to other options?

There is clinical evidence that titanium frameworks can last more than 15 years if they are properly maintained. Service life depends on material selection, framework design, manufacturing quality, patient factors, and maintenance. Titanium's high resistance to corrosion and fatigue strength under repeated chewing loads make it last so long. The longer lifespan means that fewer repairs are needed over the course of a patient's lifetime. This lowers the long-term cost of treatment, even though the original investment was higher.

Do titanium frameworks work with existing clasp and attachment systems?

Titanium frameworks can be designed to accommodate selected conventional clasp and attachment systems, subject to the specific design and material requirements of each case, such as precision clamps, circumferential clasps, and wrought-wire assemblies. Technicians can use CAD software to make frameworks that work with certain attachment brands, such as Locator, Preci-Vertix, or Ceka systems. This makes it possible for prosthodontists to use well-known treatment planning methods without having to learn new retaining ideas.

What delivery timeframes should dental laboratories expect?

Normal production plans need three to five business days from acceptance of the design to shipment, assuming simple cases that don't need a lot of customization. For pressing cases, Rush production may be available for selected cases, subject to case complexity, design approval, production capacity, and shipping requirements, but this usually comes at a 25–40% higher cost. For realistic case planning, you should add an extra one to two days to the quoted times to account for possible shipping delays or quality holds.

Why choose titanium over flexible partial dentures?

Flexible partial dentures may offer aesthetic and comfort advantages in selected cases, while titanium frameworks provide greater rigidity and structural support for applications where these characteristics are required, but they are not strong enough for long-term load-bearing uses. Titanium offers better occlusal stability, stops tissue resorption through even stress distribution, and keeps the precise fit for long periods of time. Flexible options are good for short-term situations or when rigid frameworks aren't an option; titanium can be considered for long-term removable prosthetic applications where rigidity, strength-to-weight ratio, and digital fabrication are important considerations.

How do titanium frameworks integrate into all-digital workflows?

After intraoral scanning and CAD/CAM milling, Titanium Partials can be integrated into a fully digital prosthetic workflow from scanning and CAD design through CAM milling and finishing. Traditional impression materials, stone models, wax-ups, investing, and casting are no longer needed because of this smooth merging. These steps add up to mistakes and production delays. When labs switch to digital methods, they find that titanium frameworks help them get more out of their scanning and design software.

What makes titanium suitable for patients requiring MRI scans?

Titanium is non-ferromagnetic, although MRI safety and image quality should always be assessed according to the complete prosthesis design and the MRI facility's protocol. Patients getting care for cancer, neurological tracking, or orthopedic review can keep their prosthetics on during MRI processes without having to take them off, which would be inconvenient or lower the quality of the diagnostic images. This compatibility is becoming more useful as the number of medical imaging procedures in older groups grows.

Partner with HYC for Precision Titanium Partial Manufacturing

With 22 years of experience, HYC has been making titanium partial frameworks that meet the high standards of dental labs, prosthodontists, and implant specialists all over North America. HYC maintains documented quality-management and regulatory processes applicable to its dental laboratory services and target markets, including ISO 13485:2016 certification and applicable FDA and European regulatory requirements. This way, we can make sure that every framework ships with all the necessary regulatory paperwork and material tracking.

Our 5-axis CNC milling workflow is designed to support consistent framework accuracy and reduce the need for extensive chairside adjustment. This workflow is designed to help reduce remakes and minimize chairside adjustment time. We know that dental cases need to be handled quickly, so we offer standard 3-day dispatch with a response time of 4-5 days. We also offer rush production and expedited shipping options, which may be available for urgent cases, subject to case requirements and destination. Warranty coverage for Titanium Partials is subject to HYC's applicable warranty terms and conditions, including coverage for eligible manufacturing defects.

Our digital design workflow supports patient-specific customization based on individual anatomy, prescription requirements, and laboratory preferences, whether you are in charge of a large DSO partnership or focus on difficult full-mouth rehabilitation cases. Email our technical team at info@hycdentallab.com to talk about your specific case needs, get sample frameworks, or set up a partnership account that gives you discounts for buying in bulk. You can look at our full line of prosthetics at hycdentallab.com and find out why top dental labs trust HYC as their reliable Titanium Partials provider.

References

1. Brudvik, J.S. (2021). Advanced Removable Partial Dentures: Clinical Concepts and Laboratory Procedures. Quintessence Publishing, Chicago.

2. Carr, A.B., Brown, D.T. (2020). McCracken's Removable Partial Prosthodontics, 13th Edition. Elsevier Health Sciences, St. Louis.

3. Donovan, T.E., Cho, G.C. (2019). "Contemporary Materials and Techniques for Removable Partial Denture Frameworks." The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 121(2), 235-243.

4. Phoenix, R.D., Cagna, D.R., DeFreest, C.F. (2019). Stewart's Clinical Removable Partial Prosthodontics, 5th Edition. Quintessence Publishing, Chicago.

5. Rodrigues, R.C., Faria, A.C., Macedo, A.P., Sartori, I.A., de Mattos, M.G., Ribeiro, R.F. (2018). "An in vitro study of non-axial forces upon the retention of an O-ring attachment." Clinical Oral Implants Research, 29(3), 327-335.

6. Takaichi, A., Suyalatu, Nakamoto, T., Joko, N., Nomura, N., Tsutsumi, Y., Migita, S., Doi, H., Kurosu, S., Chiba, A., Wakabayashi, N., Igarashi, Y., Hanawa, T. (2020). "Microstructures and mechanical properties of Co-29Cr-6Mo alloy fabricated by selective laser melting process for dental applications." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 21, 67-76.